melatonin or glutathione This figure illustrates the actions of in reducing free Nano-formulation of darkness hormone could

Furthermore, a recent preclinical study revealed that the probiotic strain Bacteroides fragilis 839 ameliorates isoniazid- and rifampicin-induced liver injury by restoring GM homeostasis, enhancing intestinal barrier integrity, and attenuating inflammatory responses [67].In addition, amoxicillin-clavulanate, one of the most frequently prescribed antibiotics in Europe and the United States [68], directly disrupts the structure and diversity of the GM, leading to the depletion of beneficial bacteria and compromising hepatic protective mechanisms

Kostoff et al., 2020)

Riboflavin deficiency can result in decreased xanthine oxidase activity, reducing blood uric acid levels (6)

Ageing, obesity, and diabetes are associated with basal mitochondrial dysfunction and chronic low-grade inflammation, which can exacerbate infection-induced mitochondrial stress (Picca et al., 2022)

3.2 Terrestrial natural products and their mechanisms 3.2.1 Flavonoids Biochanin-A (BCA), an organic isoflavone isolated from the leaves and stems of Trifolium pratense L and many other herbs of Chinese medicine ( In vitro scratch assays revealed that BCA dose-dependently attenuates TGF--induced cell migration

Prior to oxidation, fatty acids are activated by acquiring a coenzyme A molecule, and long chain fatty acids must be transported into the mitochondria by the carnitine shuttle [73]