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Sodium reabsorption through epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) located on the apical membrane of cortical collecting tubule cells is driven by aldosterone and generates a negative electrical potential in the tubular lumen, driving the secretion of potassium at this site through the renal outer medullary potassium (ROMK) channels 61

The role of mtROS in host-pathogen interactions extends to Pseudomonas aeruginosa , where quorum-sensing molecules induce mitochondrial depolarization and oxidative stress, contributing to tissue injury in chronic lung infections ( 3.5 Bacteria-induced mtDNA release and activation of innate immune Mitochondrial damage induced by bacterial effectors often results in mtDNA leakage into the cytosol or extracellular environment

Nature (2017) 544:1104

Ketogenic diet improves brain ischemic tolerance and inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation by preventing Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission and endoplasmic reticulum stress

In healthy men, a delicate balance exists between physiological ROS and antioxidants in the male reproductive tract

10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108902 128 YeonM