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Electronic Cigarette Use Among Youth: Understanding Unique Risks in a Vulnerable Population PMC Associations between vaping and daily cigarette consumption among individuals with psychological distress Development and initial validation of a new self report measure to assess perceived dependence on tobacco and nicotine products Scientific Reports Vaping Dependence Assessment Questionnaire PDF Electronic Cigarette Air Pollution Penn State Cigarette Dependence Index Spanish PDF Using the Penn State Nicotine Dependence Index (possible range 020), #ecig dependence increased slightly through Week 4 and then declined. At all timepoints, ecig dependence was significantly lower than combustible cigarette dependence.

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