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This instability arises from its failure to achieve an octet configuration

These delivery systems leverage ALAs unique properties, such as its amphiphilicity, antioxidant capacity, and ability to form disulfide-linked dimers, to optimize drug stability, bioavailability, and controlled release

References 1 AlehagenU.OpstadT

Arch Toxicol 95:14631473 Nguyen NT, Du K, Akakpo JY, Umbaugh DS, Jaeschke H, Ramachandran A (2021b) Mitochondrial protein adduct and superoxide generation are prerequisites for early activation of c-jun N-terminal kinase within the cytosol after an acetaminophen overdose in mice

Neurol Sci 46(2):593604 Goel F, Dobhal V, Singh S (2025) Protective effects of diacerein against quinolinic acidinduced Huntingtons diseaselike symptoms in adult zebrafish by targeting GSK-3 signalling

The majority of the complex projects below, into the matrix (the bottom of the picture, in this orientation) although a significant amount also protrudes into the intermembrane space