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Over time, factors such as age, lifestyle, genetics, previous injury, inflammation, and biomechanical instability can lead to collagen breakdown and slow the process of healthy collagen synthesis

In addition to its effects on lipid metabolism and gut microbiota, berberine exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, which are vital for mitigating liver inflammation and oxidative stress commonly seen in NAFLD

Newell-Litwa K, Seong E, Burmeister M, Faundez V (2007) Neuronal and non neuronal functions of AP-3 sorting machinery Journal of Cell Science 120(Pt4): 53141141

As shown in Figure 1, microglia change their phenotype and release inflammatory mediators to repair damaged brain tissues (Ivkovic et al., 2022

Direct injection near injury sites accelerates tissue repair and reduces recovery time

Many factors, including angiotensin II, endothelin-1, and urotensin-II, trigger this vasoconstriction (121)