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Elsnerova et al., 2016

Sewell T

In-depth mechanistic studies revealed that ES penetrates the cell membrane by forming a complex with extracellular Cu2+, reducing Cu2+ to Cu+, and releasing highly reactive ROS in the mitochondria

There's a small incidence of anaphylaxis using IV iron but most commonly we see a range of "hypersensitivity reactions" with intravenous iron which include, but are not limited to the following: hives, rashes, joint swelling and pain, fever, headache, chills flu-like symptoms, abdominal pain, diarrhea and constipation as well as muscle pain and cramping

Imaging techniques (i.e., ERCP) have also shown biliary tract calculi in many patients with established PSC, suggesting the removal of calculi as an exclusionary criterion (Kaw et al, 1995)