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doi: 10.1016/j.thromres.2014.09.032 167 VerityCKLoukasAMcmanusDPBrindleyPJ

Although both ROS and RNS are essential for many cellular functions, they require strict regulation by antioxidant systems

While these tools remain the cornerstone of clinical practice, they are inherently limited in their ability to resolve the mechanistic causes underlying idiopathic infertility ( Figure 1 A key limitation across these markers is their static, descriptive nature, which fails to reflect the dynamic processes that influence sperm maturation and function

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Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge funding from the Department of Defense (W81XWH-20-1-0927), Department of Veterans Affairs (VA Merit I01CX002118 and VA Merit I01CX001388), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NCI 1R01CA226528)

Organisms have evolved a complex and sophisticated system of defense against oxidative stress