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Abbreviations 2-DG: 2-Deoxy-d-glucose -KG: -Ketoglutarate Akt: Serine/threonine protein kinase bFLS: Bovine fibroblast-like synoviocyte BW: Body weight CCL-2: Chemokine (CC motif) ligand 2 COX-2: Cyclooxygenase 2 CXCL-10: CXC motif chemokine ligand 10 DCA: Dichloroacetate DExSI: Data Extraction for Stable Isotope-labeled metabolites DMEM/F12: Dulbeccos modified Eagles medium/Nutrient Mixture F12 DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide DTT: Dithiothreitol EDTA: Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid EGTA: Ethylene glycol-bis(-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N,N-tetraacetic acid FAMEs: Fatty acid methyl esters FBS: Fetal bovine serum GC/MS: Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry GLUT1: Glucose transporter 1 HIF-1: Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 HK2: Hexokinase-2 HPLC: High performance liquid chromatography IL-6: Interleukin-6 IL-8: Interleukin-8 iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase LDHA: Lactate dehydrogenase subunit A LPS: Lipopolysaccharide MIDs: Mass isotopologue distributions MSTFA: N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide NF-B: Nuclear factor-kappa B NIST: National Institute of Standards and Technology NSAIDs: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs OXPHOS: Oxidative phosphorylation PBS: Phosphate buffer solution PDK1: Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 PFKFB: Phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase PGE2: Prostaglandin E2 PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinases PMSF: Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride pNPP: P-nitrophenyl phosphate RA: Rheumatoid arthritis RA-FLS: Rheumatoid Arthritis-Fibroblast-like synoviocyte RI: Retention index RPS9: 40S ribosomal protein S9 SDS-PAGE: Sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis TBS/T: Tris-buffered saline with Tween TCA: Tricarboxylic acid TMB: Tetramethylbenzidine TMCS: Trimethylchlorosilane TNF-: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha References Desrochers, A
In another invertebrate, the nematode Heterakis gallinarium , individuals exposed to a stochastically fluctuating thermal environment show significantly accelerated development compared to individuals experiencing a constant temperature reflecting the same overall thermal load (same degree days)
doi:10.1097/SAP.0b013e318206595b Mendieta CG
4cB12 can be calculated: 4cB12=log10[(holoTC.B12)/MMA.Hcy)]-(age factor) The model 4cB12 is currently considered the best biomarker stratification for B12 status and yields one of five diagnoses: elevated B12, adequate B12, decreased B12, possible B12 deficient, and probably B12 deficient
