propionyl l-carnitine hydrochloride Propionyl-L-carnitine . Swanson Vitamins Propionyl-L-Carnitine HCl &

44, 77 Methymalonic acid, a metabolite of PPA, results in abnormal mitochondrial morphology, 78 tissue specific ETC dysfunction, 79 inhibition of the complex I and II function when interacting with complex III in the brain 80 and reductions in reduced glutathione, 78 similar to the patient cohort presented and the PPA animal model

For details, see Concerns and Cautions

doi: 10.1159/000030454

Mainly present in the heart and muscle cells of our body, L-Carnitine also helps to decrease muscle lactate, to enhance the use of glucose, to increase the use of lipids as an energy substrate, to stabilize the cell membrane and to express certain genes related to lipid catabolism

PMID 17679720

Essential amino acids cannot be manufactured by the body and must be supplied in the diet to maintain good all-round health