2023Jun 1;9(6):e17488
plumps and hydrates Glycerin Humectant that draws moisture into skin Squalane Lightweight oil that mimics skin's natural sebum Soothing Supporters Aloe Vera Calms irritation and reduces redness Centella Asiatica (Cica) Anti-inflammatory and healing Ceramides Repairs and strengthens skin barrier Colloidal Oatmeal Soothes sensitivity Pigment-Correcting Allies Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) Reduces inflammation, fades dark spots, improves texture Alpha Arbutin Gentle brightener that works synergistically with kojic acid Tranexamic Acid Targets melasma and deep hyperpigmentation Vitamin C (when stable) Antioxidant and brightening powerhouse Licorice Root Extract Natural brightener and anti-inflammatory Antioxidants Vitamin E Protects against free radical damage Green Tea Extract Calming antioxidant Resveratrol Anti-aging and protective Ingredients You Should AVOID Layering With Kojic Acid While kojic acid is relatively gentle, some combinations can lead to irritation or reduced efficacy: Retinol/Retinoids (at first) Why: Both are exfoliating and can cause irritation when combined initially Solution: Use on alternate nights, or use kojic acid in AM and retinol in PM Advanced users: Can combine after 46 weeks of tolerance-building AHAs (Glycolic, Lactic, Mandelic Acid) Why: Multiple exfoliants can compromise your skin barrier Solution: Use AHAs 23x per week on nights you skip kojic acid soap BHAs (Salicylic Acid) Why: Can cause over-exfoliation when used together Solution: Alternateuse salicylic acid for acne, kojic acid for brightening Benzoyl Peroxide Why: Can oxidize kojic acid and reduce its effectiveness
Protective effect of antioxidants in nitric oxide/COX-2 interaction during inflammatory pain: the role of nitration
Gardai SJ, Mao W, Schle B, Babcock M, Schoebel S, Lorenzana C, et al
Williams, R.T
M.SzewczykE.OlbermannP.MorschhauserJ.et al (2010)
